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Underarm Bowling in Cricket: History, Controversies, and Rules

Underarm bowling is a term that evokes one of cricket's most infamous moments, sparking debates about sportsmanship and the spirit of the game. This comprehensive guide delves into the history of underarm bowling, the controversies it has ignited, and the rules that govern its use today. Understanding this aspect of cricket not only provides insights into the game's evolution but also highlights the importance of ethics and fair play in sports.

The Origins of Underarm Bowling

In the early days of cricket, underarm bowling was the standard method of delivering the ball. Bowlers would roll or skim the ball along the ground towards the batsman. This style was prevalent until the 19th century when round-arm and overarm bowling techniques were developed, revolutionizing the game and adding new dimensions to bowling strategies.

The Underarm Bowling Controversy of 1981

The most notorious incident involving underarm bowling occurred on February 1, 1981, during a One Day International (ODI) match between Australia and New Zealand at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). With New Zealand needing six runs off the last ball to tie the match, Australian captain Greg Chappell instructed his brother, bowler Trevor Chappell, to deliver the final ball underarm along the ground. This action ensured that the batsman could not hit a six, securing Australia's victory but igniting a storm of controversy.

Reactions and Aftermath

The underarm delivery was within the rules at the time but was considered unsportsmanlike by many. The incident led to widespread condemnation from players, officials, and fans, including the then Australian Prime Minister, who labeled it "contrary to the traditions of the game."

As a result, the International Cricket Council (ICC) amended the laws to prevent a recurrence, effectively banning underarm bowling in limited-overs cricket. This event is often cited in discussions about the Spirit of Cricket, emphasizing the importance of ethics over mere adherence to the rules.

Current Laws Regarding Underarm Bowling

The Laws of Cricket, as maintained by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), have specific provisions regarding underarm bowling:

  • Law 21.1.2: Underarm bowling is not permitted unless agreed upon before the match.
  • Dead Ball: If a bowler attempts an underarm delivery without prior agreement, the umpire will call it a dead ball.
  • No Ball: In some formats, such an action may be called a no-ball, allowing the batting team to benefit from an extra run and a free hit. Learn more about no-ball penalties in our guide on No Ball Rules in Cricket: Types and Penalties.

Impact on the Spirit of the Game

The 1981 incident remains a seminal moment in cricket history, often referenced in discussions about sportsmanship. It highlights that actions deemed legal within the rules can still violate the unwritten codes of conduct that uphold the game's integrity.

The concept of playing within the "spirit of cricket" is central to the sport's ethos. Players are expected to respect opponents, officials, and the game's traditions. For a deeper understanding, refer to our article on The Spirit of Cricket: Ethics and Sportsmanship.

Underarm Bowling in Modern Cricket

Today, underarm bowling is virtually nonexistent in professional cricket due to the laws prohibiting it. However, understanding its history is essential for appreciating the game's evolution and the emphasis on fair play.

Exceptions and Variations

In casual or practice settings, underarm bowling may still be used for specific training purposes, such as coaching young players or practicing particular shots like the sweep or reverse sweep. However, it holds no place in competitive matches.

Comparisons with Other Unfair Practices

Underarm bowling is often compared to other actions considered against the spirit of the game, such as:

These practices, while sometimes within the rules, are often frowned upon and can lead to penalties or disciplinary actions.

Educational Importance

Coaches and educators use the underarm bowling incident as a case study to teach ethics in sports. It serves as an example of how actions can have long-lasting repercussions on a player's reputation and the game's perception.

Lessons for Players

  • Fair Play: Always prioritize sportsmanship over winning at all costs.
  • Rule Awareness: Understand not only the letter of the law but also its spirit.
  • Role Modeling: Recognize that actions set examples for fans and aspiring players.

Underarm Bowling in Women's Cricket

Interestingly, underarm bowling remained in use in women's cricket longer than in men's cricket due to different developmental pathways. However, overarm bowling is now standard across all professional levels, promoting consistency and fairness in the sport.

Influence on Bowling Techniques

The transition from underarm to overarm bowling opened up new possibilities for bowlers, leading to the development of various bowling styles and deliveries:

Notable Personalities Involved

The 1981 incident involved prominent figures whose reputations were affected:

  • Greg Chappell: Australian captain whose decision sparked the controversy.
  • Trevor Chappell: The bowler who delivered the underarm ball.
  • Brian McKechnie: The New Zealand batsman who faced the underarm delivery.

The incident impacted their legacies, demonstrating how a single action can overshadow careers.

Legal and Regulatory Changes

The immediate response from cricket's governing bodies led to swift changes in the laws:

  • ICC Intervention: The ICC amended the playing conditions to ban underarm bowling in limited-overs matches.
  • MCC Laws Update: The MCC updated the Laws of Cricket to reflect the prohibition.

Impact on International Relations

The controversy strained relations between Australia and New Zealand, extending beyond sports into diplomatic arenas. It highlighted how actions on the field could influence international perceptions and relationships.

Media and Public Perception

The incident received extensive media coverage, influencing public opinion:

  • Criticism: Widespread condemnation from journalists, former players, and fans.
  • Debates: Discussions on ethics, rules, and the importance of sportsmanship.
  • Legacy: The term "underarm bowling" became synonymous with unsportsmanlike behavior.

Modern-Day References and Cultural Impact

The 1981 underarm incident remains a reference point in popular culture, often cited in:

  • Commentary: Used as an example during discussions of controversial decisions.
  • Literature and Media: Featured in books, documentaries, and interviews.
  • Education: Incorporated into sports ethics curricula.

Related Guides and Resources

For a broader understanding of cricket's laws and ethics, explore these resources:

Useful Calculators

While not directly related to underarm bowling, understanding player performance can enhance appreciation of the game's complexities:

Conclusion

Underarm bowling serves as a poignant reminder of cricket's rich history and the evolving standards of sportsmanship. The 1981 incident, while controversial, prompted critical reflections on the importance of ethics in sports, leading to positive changes in the game's laws and culture. Today, cricket continues to uphold the values of fair play and integrity, ensuring that the sport remains a gentleman's game in the truest sense.

By understanding the historical context and implications of underarm bowling, players and fans alike can appreciate the delicate balance between competitive spirit and ethical conduct that defines cricket. As the sport progresses, lessons from the past guide the future, reinforcing the principles that make cricket not just a game, but a cherished tradition.